SYLLABUS FOR CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
SEMESTER - I
M.Sc. BCH 101: ANALYTICAL METHODS:
Unit I
Biological relevance of pH, measurement of pH, pKa of functional groups in biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids. Importance of buffers in biological systems, ion selective electrodes, and oxygen electrode. Donnan membrane equilibrium. Significance of osmotic pressure in biological systems, viscosity and determination of molecular weight using viscometers.
Microscopy: basic principles of light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy.
Sedimentation methods: Basic principles of centrifugation, preparative, differential and density gradient centrifugations, analytical, ultra centrifugation, applications in the determination of molecular weight, purity of biomolecules and detection of conformational changes of biomolecules.
Unit II
Radioactivity: half-life, decay constant, average life, units of radioactivity,
Radioactivity measuring techniques, and correction factors. Statistics of counting
operations, Radiation dose units, Roentgen, REP, REM maximum permissible dose, dosimetry and dosimeters; radiation monitoring hazards, Biological effects of radiation, Isotope dilution technique and its application in biochemical investigations. Radioisotopes in biochemistry and medicine. RIA.
Unit III
Theoretical principles, methodology and biochemical applications of separation methods: Counter current distribution, Paper, Thin layer, Reverse phase, absorption, ion exchange, and gas chromatography, affinity chromatography, Gel filtration, HPLC, Electrophoresis: Paper, agar, immuno electrophoresis, high voltage electrophoresis, isoelectrophoresis, SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing, Capillary electrophoresis, iso tachophoresis, Northern blot, Southern blot, Western blot Analyses and development of blots.
Unit IV
Spectroscopy: Electromagnetic radiations, Beer-Lamberts law principles and
applications of colorimetry, spectrophotometry. Concept and biological application of UV, fluorimetry, flame photometry, AAS, AES, Infrared, ESR, NMR spectroscopy, Polarimetry, CD & ORD. Principles and applications of X-ray Diffraction.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles and Techniques of practical Biochemistry. Eds. Williams and Wilson.
2. Techniques in Molecular biology Ed. Walker & Gastra, Croom Helm, 1983.
3. Principles of instrumental analysis, 2nd Ed, Holt-Sanders, 1980.
4. An introduction to spectroscopy for Biochemistry. Ed. Brown S.N., Academic press
5. Analytical Biochemistry, Holmes and Hazel peck, Longman, 1983.
6. An introduction to practical biochemistry. David T. Plummer, Tata Mac Grew-Hill.
7. Biophysical chemistry, Edshall & Wyman, Academic press Vol II & I.
8. A textbook of quantitative inorganic analysis including elementary instrumental
Analysis, Vogel ELBS 1969.
9. Biochemical calculations Seigel, IH, 2nd Edit, John Wiley & sons Inc., 1983.
10. Analytical Biochemistry by Friefelder David
BCH 102: Chemistry of Biomolecules
Unit - I
Amino acids & Proteins: Classification of amino acids, acid-base properties of amino
acids, chemical reactions of amino acids, non-protein amino acids, Peptide bond –Structure and conformation. Naturally occurring peptides.Classification of proteins – purification and isolation of proteins, criteria of purity of proteins, physico-chemical properties, structural organization of proteins, Elucidation of primary structure, secondary structure, , Tertiary structure Quaternary structure, Denaturation & renaturation of proteins
Unit II
Carbohydrates: Definition and classification of carbohydrates, nomenclature,
Reaction of Monosaccharides, Acid derivatives of Monosaccharides amino-sugars,
Oligo saccharides, structure, properties and importance of Homo & Hetero polysaccharides
Lipids: Classification, Physical and chemical properties of fatty acids. Characterization of natural fats & oils, structure and biological role of triaceyl glycerol, phospolipids, sphingolipids, Gangliolipids, Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes and steroids.
Unit III
Isolation, fractionation, characterization of nucleic acids, properties of nucleic acids in solution
Structure of nucleic acids – primary – purine and pyramidine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides; secondary & Tertiary structure of DNA; structure of RNAs – Secondary and Tertiary structure; Analysis of stability to nucleic acid structures. DNA denaturation and renaturation kinetics, Nucleic acid sequencing –Higher orders of DNA & RNA Structure, chromatin structure; Gene analysis – southern blot technique and its variance. Proteomics and genomics.
Unit IV
Structure of porphyrins; Protoporphyrin, porphobilinogen properties Identification of Porphyrins, Structure of metalloporphyrins – Heme, cytochromes and chlorophylls.
Recommended Books:
1. Glycoproteins by Hughes R.C., Chapman & Holl, 1983.
2. Biochemistry – Mechanisms of metabolism Cunningham, E.B., Mc Grew – Hill, 1978.
3. Nucleic acid – Chargaff & Davidson Vol. II.
4. The biochemistry of Nucleic acids; Adams et al., Chapman and Hall, 1986.
5. Proteins: A guide to study by physical & chemical methods, Haschemeyer and
Haschemeyer, Wiley, New York, 1973.
6. Proteins: Structure, function and evolution. Dickerson & Geis, 2nd Edn,
Benjamin / Cummings, Menlo Park, California 1983.
7. The proteins: Neurath and Hill, 3rd Edn. Academic New York, 1977.
8. Biochemistry - Zubay C, Addison – Wesley, 1986.
9. Biochemistry, A problem Approach, 2nd Edn. Wood, W.B. Addison Wesley 1981.
10. Biochemistry of Lipids and Membranes - Vance D, Addison-Wesley, 1985.
11. Biochemistry, Lehninger A.H.
12. Textbook of Biochemistry West, E.S., Todd, Mason & Vanbruggen,
Macmillian&Co.
13. Principles of Biochemistry White-A, Handler, Pand Smith E.L. Mc Grew Hill.
14. The carbohydrates: Pigman & Hartman Vol. II-A & II-B.
15. Comprehensive biochemistry-Florkin & stotz, Academic press.
16. Organic chemistry, I.L. Finar, ELBS. (1985).
17. Organic chemistry by J.P. Cohen. Vol. 3 Edward ‘Arnold.
18. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry by Roberts & Cashino (Benjamin).
19. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by Donald Voet (1999).
20. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd (2000) Prentice Hall.
M.Sc. BCH 103 : CELL BIOLOGY
Unit I
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells: Structure, Composition and functions of nucleus, mitochondria plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, glogi, lysomes, vacuole, micro bodies, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, Functional anatomy of GIT.
Unit II
Circulatory system: Formation and composition of blood. Total and differential counts in blood. Development of erythrocytes, and leukocytes. Platelets. Plasma proteins Blood clotting mechanism. Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate.
Unit III
Biomembranes: Chemical composition of Membranes, Composition of plasma and organelle membranes of animal and plant cells. Lipids, proteins and Carbohydrates of membranes Distribution of membrane lipids. Assembly of membrane components.
Molecular structure of membranes: Miscelle, and liposomes, biological membrane; Symmetry of the membrane; Membrane fluidity; fluid mosaic model of biological membranes. Nanomaterilas and their applications.
Unit IV
Membrane Transport: Donnan membrane equilibrium, Diffusion across cellular membranes Mediated transport; Energetics of transport systems; Passive transport anion exchange proteins; Active transport; Active transport of Na+ K+ (Sodium potassium ATPase) Ca2+(Ca2+ - ATPase). Active transport of sugars coupled to Phosphorylation; group translocation (Y-Glutamyl cycle). Proton motive force in bacterial transport processes. Ionophores Gap junctions; Endocytosis, Exocytosis. Nature of receptors. Biosensors.
Recommended Books:
1. Molecular Biology of the cells by Alberts et al (1994).
2. Cell and Molecular Biology (2001) by EDP de Robertis and EMF de Robertis.
3. Text Book OF medical physiology by A.C.Guyton (2001).
4. Cell and Molecular Biology 2nd Edit. (2002) By P.K.Gupta, Rastogi Publ.
M.Sc. BCH – 104 : MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY NUTRITION:
Blood and its composition, Circulation of blood. Cardiac cycle, Capillary and venous blood flow. Blood pressure Electrocardiogram Blood gas transport and gaseous exchange in tissues. Acid-base balance in lungs. The value of blood pH, PO2, PCO2, Measurements.
Excretory system structure and function of Nephrons. Urine formation; GFR, reabsorption and secretion. Composition. Normal Inorganic and organic constituents abnormal constituents of urine. Acid-base balance equilibrium maintained by the Kidney.
Unit II
Muscular system: Types of Muscular tissue; structure of striated muscle fiber molecular organization of contractile systems, mechanism of muscle contraction, Regulation and energetics of contraction. Role of calcium.
Nervous system: Outlines of organization of nervous system; blood-brain barrier; Nerve growth factor. Origin of membrane potential. Mechanisms of propagation of nerve impulse of synaptic transmission. Myelin sheath – composition and function; biogenic amines amino acids and Peptides; Neurotransmitters. Transmission at cholinergic adrenergic nerve endings.
Unit III
Body weight and the body composition. Determination of body fat and body water. Body composition during growth and energy requirements. Measurement of energy expenditure, direct and indirect calorimetry, Respiratory quotient and BMR.Protein nutrition. Essential and non-essential amino acids. Nitrogen balance, methods of calculation of biological value of proteins protein calorie deficiency. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. Fats as component of diet, Energy value of fats. Essential fatty acids and phospholipids in nutrition.
Requirement of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and their deficiency symptoms, sources of the vitamins. Macro and trace elements in nutrition as regards to dietary sources. Deficiency symptoms and recommended dietary allowances. Special aspects of Nutrition for the infants, children, pregnant and lactating woman and in old age, Importance of Nutrition under stress conditions.
Community, Nutrition and Health: Assessment of Nutritional status of community. Anthropometric measurements, clinical examination. Radiological, Biophysical and Biochemical techniques.
Recommended Books:
1. Harper’s Biochemistry
2. Trace elements by Underwood
3. Nutrition by M.S.Swaminathan.
4. The book of Human Nutrition (1996) MS. Bamji, N.Prahlad Rao and V. Reddy.
5. Molecular Biology of the cells by Alberts et al (1994).
6. Cell and Molecular Biology (2001) by EDP de Robertis and EMF de Robertis.
7. Text Book OF medical physiology by A.C.Guyton (2001).
8. Cell and Molecular Biology 2nd Edit. (2002) By P.K.Gupta, Rastogi Publ.
PRACTICALS
M.Sc.BCH 105P:BIOCHEMICAL PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
1. General reactions of carbohydrates. Specific reactions of different sugars: arabinose,
xylose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose and lactose.
2. General reactions of proteins and amino acids. Precipitation reactions of albumins and
globulins.
3. General reactions of lipids and cholesterol.
4. Isolation and estimation of cholesterol from brain.
5. Isolation and estimation of glycogen/starch.
6. Preparation of Casein from milk.
7. Crystallization of albumin.
8. Estimation of proteins in biological samples:
a. Biuret method.
b. Folin-Lowry method.
c. UV method.
d. Bradfords dye binding method.
9. Titration curve of amino acid and calculation of PK and PI value.
- Estimation of amino acids by formal titration.
- Estimation of amino acid by Ninhydrin method.
- Estimation of tyrosine by Million’s –reaction.
- Identification of N-terminal group of proteins by Sanger’s method.
- Estimation of fructose in Fruit-juice.
M.Sc. BCH 106P: ANALYTICAL METHODS
1. Hawk’s Physiological chemistry
2. Practical Biochemistry by T Plummer
3. Practical Biochemistry by J Jayaraman
4. Klemir and others: practical Biological chemistry.
5. Practical Biochemistry – Koch and Hank Dunn and Drell.
6. Practical Biochemistry-Sawhney (2000)
7. Varley’s Practical clinical Biochemistry – Ed. Alan W. Gowenlock (Heinemann Medical Books, London, 1988.
Semester - II
M.Sc.BCH 201: ENZYMES AND KINETICS
Unit I
Nomenclature and classification of enzymes according to I.U.B. Convention, specificity and active site. Fundamentals of enzyme assay – enzyme units, coupled kinetic assay. Enzyme localization, Isolation, purification and criteria of purity. Profile of enzyme purification by different separation techniques. Elements of kinetics – Reaction rates transition state theories free energy change. Methods used in the investigation of kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions – Initial velocity studies and rapid reaction techniques (Continuous flow and Stopped flow). Enzyme kinetics of single substrate reactions, study state assumption, Michales-Menten (Briggs-Haldane), Lineweavar Burk, Eadie Hofstee, Hanes plots. Pre-steady state kinetics. Effect of pH and temperature.
Unit II
Enzyme inhibition: Types of reversible inhibitors – competitive, non-competitive, un-competitive mixed inhibition and partial inhibition. Substrate inhibition, Feedback
inhibition and allostearic inhibition. Irreversible inhibition. Bisubstrate reactions, Sequential mechanism compulsory order and random order mechanism, non-sequential mechanism, Ping-pong mechanism. Chemical nature of enzyme catalysis: General acid – base catalysis, electrostatic catalysis, covalent catalysis, intermolecular-catalysis, metal ion catalysis, and proximity and orientation.
Unit III
Mechanism of reactions catalyzed by the following enzymes – Chymotrypsin, Trypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Ribonuclease and Lysozyme. Co-enzymes – the mechanistic role of the following co-enzymes in enzyme catalyzed reactions – Nicotinamide nucleotides, Flavin nucleotides, Co-enzymes A, Lipoic acid, Thiamine pyrophosphate, Biotin, Tetrahydrofolate and Co-enzyme B12. Modern concepts of evaluation of catalysis-catalytic RNA (Ribozyme), abzymes (catalytic antibodies), Synzymes (Synthetic enzymes), Site-directed mutagenesis.
Unit IV
Monomeric enzymes – the Serine proteases, Zymogen activation, Oligomeric enzymes – Isoenzymes (LDH) and multienzyme complexes (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex). Covalent modification (Glycogen phosphorylase, Glutaminesynthase, Chymotrypsin) Allosteary of enzyme action; Binding of ligands to proteins Co-operativity, the Hill Plot for Myoglobin and Hemoglobin, Sigmoidal kinetics: The MWC and KNF models. Significance sigmoidal behavior. Study of ATCase a typical allostearic enzyme.
Recommended Books:
1. The enzymes Dixon & Webb, 3rd ed. Longman 1980.
2. Understanding enzymes: Palmer T., Ellis Harwood ltd., 2001.
3. Enzyme kinetics: Roberts D.V., Cambridge Univ. Press 1977.
4. Enzyme structure and mechanism. Alan Fersht, Freeman & Co. 1997
5. Principles of enzymology for food sciences: Whitaker Marc Dekker 1972.
6. The enzyme Boyer 3rd edit. Academic Press.
7. Methods in enzymology Ed. Colowick and Kaplan, Academic Pr (Continuing series)
8. Text book of Biochemistry with clinical correlations (4th edition)-Thomas M.Devlin.
9. Fundamentals of Enzymology 3rd edi. Nicholas C. Price and Lewis Stevens (1999).
10. Biological chemistry; H.R. Mehler & E.H Cordes Harper & Rev.
11. Enzymes and metabolic inhibitors Vol. I & II J. Webb Acada. Press.
12. Enzyme kinetics Siegel interscience – Wiley 1976.
13. Biochemistry chemical reactions of living cells (2001) David E.Matzler.Vol.I.
14. Enzyme catalyzed reactions by G.H. Gray, 1971.
M.Sc. BCH 202 :ENERGY METABOLISM
Unit I
Bioenergetics: Thermodynamic principles – Chemical equilibria; free energy, enthalpy (H), entropy (S). Free energy change in biological transformations in living systems; High energy compounds. Energy, change, oxidation-reduction reactions. Organization of electron carriers and enzymes in mitochondria. Classes of electron-transferring enzymes, inhibiters of electron transport. Oxidative phosphorylation. Uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Miotrochondrial transport system. Microsomal electron transport; Photorespiration, cyclic and non-cyclic reactions; photochemical events associated with pigment system – II and I. Utilization of oxygen by oxygenases, Superoxide dismutase and catalase.
Unit II
Broad outlines of Intermediary metabolism, methods of investigation, Intermediary metabolism in vivo studies such as analysis of excretion, Respiratory exchange, Removal of organs and perfusion studies, in vitro studies such as tissue slice techniques; Homogenates and purified enzyme systems; isotope tracer studies, use of inhibitors and antimetabolites.
Metabolism of carbohydrates: Glycolysis, Fermentation, Feeder path ways (of fructose, galactose and mannose), TCA cycle, HMP shunt, Regulation of glycolysis, pyruvate dehyraogenage complex, and TCA cycle.
Unit III
Uronic acid pathway, metabolism of amino sugars, metabolism of glycogen, starch, sucrose, lactose, glycoproteins. Gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle. Regulation of glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis. Futile cycles in carbohydrate metabolism. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism – Glycogen, lactose, Fructose.
Unit IV
Biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids (Saturated and unsaturated) regulation, metabolism of TAG, Glycerol and sphingolipids, cholesterol, prostaglandins. Biosynthesis and degradation of cholesterol and its regulation. Metabolism of lipoproteins and Ketone bodies.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Biochemistry, White. A, Handler, P and Smith.
2. Biochemistry, Lehninger A.L.
3. Biochemistry, David E. Metzler.
4. Biochemistry, Lubert Stryer.
5. Review of physiological chemistry, Harold A. Harper.
6. Text of Biochemistry, West and Todd.
7. Outlines of Biochemistry, Conn and Stummf.
8. Metabolic pathways – Greenberg.
9. Mitochondria, Munn.
10. Biochemistry, 2 nd Edition, G. Zubay.
M.Sc.,BCH- 203: METABOLISM OF NITROGEN BASED MOLECULES
Unit I
Nitrogen cycle, Non-biological and biological nitrogen fixation, Nitrogenase system. Utilization of nitrate ion, Ammonia incorporation into organic compounds. Synthesis of glutamine and regulatory mechanism of glutamine synthase.
Unit II
Metabolism of proteins and amino acids: Introduction, General metabolic reactions of amino acids. Degradation and biosynthesis of individual amino acids in animal, plant, and microbial systems. End products of amino acid metabolism - Krebs Haslett urea cycle. Regulation of amino acid biosynthesis.
Unit III
Amino acids as biosynthetic precursors- Formation of creatine, Seratonine, histamine, polyamines, melatonine, GABA, melanine, catecholamines. Biosynthesis and degradation of porphyrines (Heme), porhyrias. Non-ribosomal peptide synthesis-glutathione, cyclic antibiotics (gramicidin).
Unit IV
Metabolism of Nucleic Acids: Synthesis and Degradation of Purines and Pyrimidines, Synthesis of Nucleotides and its regulation.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Biochemistry, White. A, Handler, P and Smith.
2. Biochemistry, Lehninger A.L.
3. Biochemistry, David E. Metzler.
4. Biochemistry, Lubert Stryer.
5. Review of physiological chemistry, Harold A. Harper.
6. Text of Biochemistry, West and Todd.
7. Outlines of Biochemistry, Conn and Stumpf.
8. Metabolic pathways – Greenberg.
9. Mitochondria, Munn.
10. Biochemistry, 2nd Edition, G. Zubay.
M.Sc.,BCH- 204: MOLECULAR GENETICS
Unit I
Genetic material – Direct and Indirect evidences of DNA as genetic material, experimental proof. Evidences of RNA as genetic material – eg. Virus.
Chromosome - Chromosome and genes, chromosomal replication, genetic mapping of chromosomes, structure of chromatin - nucleosomes and higher orders of organization, chromosome banding, transposition in human chromosome and chromosomal abnormalities.
Unit II
Gene – arrangements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene structure in eukaryotic organisms, introns, exons, pseudogenes, and gene clusters, spacers, repetitive sequences. Single and multiple copy genes in eukaryotes, eg – Histones, Alu, copia, satellite. Mapping of human genes – techniques used, assignment of important genes. Gene regulatory mechanisms and cell memory.
Cell cycle and its regulation – Mechanism of recombination, extra nuclear inheritance.
Unit III
Bacterial genetics – Bacterial chromosomes, plasmids – fertility, resistance, colicinogenic and other, PBR 322 and other synthetic plasmids - isolation and uses. Transposable
genetic elements, transformation, transduction, and conjugation in bacteria. Linkage map of bacterial chromosome. Recombination in bacteria.
Structure of Bacteriophages and their use in the study of molecular genetics – lytic cycle- replication of T- phages, Lysogeny and its regulation. Transduction – specialized, generalized and abortive. Transfection and cosmids. Fine structure analysis of T- phages, Benzers work and concept of cistrons.
Unit IV
Mutation – Types of mutations, mutagens, mechanism of mutation, Mutagenesis, induction and isolation of mutants.
Recommended Books:
1. Molecular Genetics by D Friefelder
2. Cell molecular biology, Albert Bruce
3. Gene VII by Lewin
4. Molecular cloning by Maniatis and Co Vol I, II, III
5. Genetics by Gardner
6. Genetics by Suzuki
7. Molecular genetics by Klug and Cummings
8. Cell and Molecular Biology 2nd Edit. (2002) by P.K.Gupta, Rastogi Publ.
PRACTICALS
M.Sc., BCH - 205P: ENZYMOLOGY:
1. Amylase from Saliva.
2. Urease from Horse-gram.
3. Acid phosphatase from Potato.
4. Alkaline phosphatase from Serum.
5. Cholinesterase from Blood.
6. SDH from Liver.
7. Invertase from yeast.
8. Trypsin
9. LDH from Serum (Isoenzymes).
10. Enzyme purification and enzyme kinetics (Determination of Vmax, Km and Ki). Effect of pH, Temperature, Activators, Inhibitors. Immobilization of enzymes (demonstration only).
Recommended Books:
1. Hawk’s Physiological chemistry
2. Practical Biochemistry by T Plummer
3. Practical Biochemistry by J Jayaraman
4. Klemir and others: practical Biological chemistry.
5. Practical Biochemistry – Koch and Hank Dunn and Drell
6. Practical Biochemistry-Sawhney (2000)
7. Varley’s Practical clinical Biochemistry – Ed. Alan W. Gowenlock (Heinemann Medical Books, London, 1988.
M.Sc., BCH - 206P: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. Isolation of DNA from bacterial, plant and animal cells.
2. Estimation of DNA by Diphenylamine method.
3. Isolation RNA from yeast cells.
4. Estimation of RNA BY Orcinol method.
5. Estimation of DNA and purity determination by UV absorption method.
6. Determination of melting temperature (Tm).
7. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E.coli.
8. Detection and differentiation of open circular, linear and closed covalent circular
plasmid DNA by submarine gel electrophoresis.
9. Transformation of E.coli with ampicillin resistant plasmid.
10. Trasfection of M13 DNA into E.coli JM103.
11. Isolation of phage M13.
12. Isolation of single and double standard M13 DNA.
13. Conjugation: Use of broad host range plasmid RP in demonstrating conjugation t
transfer of plasmid bacteria.
14.Catabolite repression: Evidence of B-Galactosidase induction in presence of lactose
in E.coli lac strains.
Semester - III
M.Sc.BCH – 301: MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY
Unit I
History and Introduction to Endocrinology, Classification, chemistry, biosynthesis, secretion, regulation, transport and general mechanisms of actions of Hormones, bio-assay, chemical, RIA, ELISA.
Hormones of the pituitary, hypothalamus and pineal body: Growth hormone. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, Follicular stimulating hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone.
Their structure, storage, regulation of secretion, mechanism of action and their actions.
Structure secretion and actions of hypothalamic releasing hormones and inhibitory hormones. Pineal hormones: Melatonin and serotonin.
Unit II
Hormones of the Thyroid and parathyroid gland: Iodine metabolism, Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, regulation of secretion. Possible mechanism of action and general
functions. Metabolism at target cells and excretion. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Role of calcitonin in calcium and phosphate homeostasis in blood.
Disorders of thyroid and parathyroid.
Unit III
Hormones of Pancreas and Gastro intestinal hormones: Chemistry, biosynthesis
and secretion of insulin and glucagon. Actions of insulin and glucagon on
Carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Gastrin, secretin, pancreozymin
Cholecystokinin etc
Adrenal hormones, Structure, biosynthesis metabolism, excretion
and actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Corticosteroids: Biosynthesis, secretion, actions, metabolism and excretion of cortisone
Cortisol, corticosterone, deoxy corticosterone and aldosterone.
Disorders of pancreas and adrenal glands.
Unit IV
Sex hormones (Hormones of Reproduction): Testosterone and inhibin. Estrogens,
Progesterone and relaxin Human chorionic gonadotropin; Human placental lactogen,
Hormonal regulation of menstrual cycle, contraceptions. Disorders associated with
Gonadal hormones.
Miscellaneous hormones: Thymosin – synthesis and actions.
Insect molting hormones – (ecdysone) Plant hormones – Auxins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscissic acid, Pheromones.
Recommended Books:
1. Text book of biochemistry and human biology. Talwar G.P.Prentice Hall India,
2. Human physiology and mechanism of distance–Guyton 3rd edn. Igkushoen / Seunders
3. Clinical Biochemistry Vols. 1 and 2: Williams et al Heinemann Medical 1978
4. Lynchs Medical Laboratory Technology Raphael, S.S., 4th edn. Igkushoe / Saunders
5. Text book of Endocrinology – William.
6. General endocrinology – Turner.
7. Biochemical endocrinology of the vertebrates by E. Fruden and H. Lines.
8. Foundation of modern Biochemical series, prentice Hall Inc. 1971.
9. Metabolic and endocrine physiology: By Jay Teppermann,
10. Metabolic pathways – Greenberg.
11. Intermediary metabolism and its regulation – Larner.
12. Principles of Biochemistry, White, A, Handler, P and Smith.
13. Receptors and hormone action 1977.
14. Receptors and recognition series.
BCH : 302 IMMUNOLOGY
Unit I
Introduction: Scope of Immunology, Historical background of Immunology, Biological aspects of Immunology, Self and non-self recognition, specificity, memory of immune system.
Antigens: Essential features of Ag, haptens, Carrier molecule, Immunological valence, Antigenic determinants. Adjuvants: Freund’s complete and incomplete.
Antibodies: Nature, Primary structure of immunoglobulins, light chain, heavy chain, variable region, constant region, Hinge region; Enzymatic fragmentation of Ig. Domain structure of Ig and significance; Classification of Ig: Types – IgG (G1, G2, G3 & G4), IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE (Origin, structural functions).
Theories of Ab formation: Instructive, selective, clonal selection theories.
Unit II
Immunity: Types: Active and passive immunity. Cell mediated immunity, humoral immunity, immune response; primary and secondary response.
Phagocytosis, mechanism of phagocytosis.
Interferon: Types of Interferons.
Null cells: Natural Killer cells.
Complement system: Nature, components of compliment pathway.
Pathways: Classical and alternative pathways. Compliment fixation tests.
Unit III
Hypersensitivity (HS):
Type I: Allergies and anaphylaxis – IgE, Mast cell degranulation, biologically active agents released in Type I reactions, Clinical manifestations.
Type II: Antibody mediated HS reactions; Mechanism, pathogencity and cases of type II reactions; Hemolytic-disease of new born (HDN).
Type III: Immune complex mediated HS reactions: Mechanism & pathogenecity of type III reactions. Soluble immune complexes and insoluble immune complex mediated reactions. Arthus reaction, Serum sickness.
Type IV: Delayed type (or) cell-mediated HS reactions; Mechanisms and pathogenecity, Tuberculin reaction.
Type V: Stimulatory HS reactions. Mechanism and pathogenecity, Grave’s disease.
Blood groups: AB, Rh system, Lewis-Luthern systems, significance, practical application of immuno methodology in blood transfusions, Erythoblastosis faetalis.
Auto immunity: Introduction, Auto recognition, classes of auto immuno diseases. (Hashimoto disease, thyrotoxicosis, Systemic lupus erythomatosis, Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Rheumatoid arthritis).
Transplantation: Terminology, Auto graft, Isograft, Allograft, Xenograft, Immunological basis of transplantation reactions, GVH reaction, Immuno suppression, General mechanisms of Immune suppression, Immune suppression, drugs (azothioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cycosporin-A, Steroids).
Unit IV
Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)
MHC in mice and HLA in man-fine structure and functions only.
Immunological techniques: Precipitin curve: Immuno diffusion: One and two dimensional, single radial immuno diffusion, Ouchterlony immno diffusion.
Immuno electrophoresis: rocket immunoelectrophoresis; CIE, Graber and William technique.
Agglutination: Direct and Indirect, Widal test, VDRL test.
Radioimmunoassay: ELISA – Principle, Methodology and applications.
Immuno fluorescence: Direct, indirect and Sandwich.
Recommended Books:
1. Essential immunology- Ivan M. Roitt.
2. Immunology – a short course Elibezamini and Sidney Leskowitz, Alan R. Lisi
Inc. New York, 1988.
3. Immunology III. Joseph A. Bellanti igaku – Shein Saunders International Edn.1985
4. Immunology at a glance J.H.L.Playfeir 4th edn. Blackwell scientific publication 1987.
5. Aids to Immunology D.M. Weir Churchill, Livingtons 1986.
6. Fundamentals of Immunology, Myrvik and Weiser, 1984.
7. Fundamentals of Immunology, Bier et al, Springer 1986.
8.Textbook of Biochemistry and Human biology, Talwar G.P. Prentice Hall, 1980.
9. Basic and clinical immunology – Stites et al., 4th edn. Lange 1982.
10. The immunosystem, Mc Connell et al., Blackwell scientific 1981.
11. Fundamentals of Immunology – William C. Boyed (Wiley Toppan).
12. Introduction to Immunology – John W.Kinball.
13. Fundamentals of Immunology – Otto S. View and others.
14. Immunology – D.M. Weir.
15. Immunology – Janis Kuby.
16. Cellular and Molecular Immunology 3rd, Abul K. Abbas Andrew K. Kich man Jordan S. Pober.
M.Sc., BCH - 303/304 a : ADVANCED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (Internal Elective I)
Unit I
DNA synthesis and repair - Topology of DNA, conservative, semi conservative and discontinuous synthesis of DNA, DNA primer for DNA synthesis. DNA polymerases I, II, III – their role in DNA synthesis. DNA ligase - mechanism of its action and its role in DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA synthesis, fidelity of replication. Nearest neighbor frequency analysis. Mechanism of replication of E.Coli DNA. Role of DNA binding proteins – Histones in Eukaryotes, SSB in prokaryotes. Replication of lambda phage DNA, phage T-7 and single stranded DNA, the rolling circle model of replication of DNA.
Unit II
RNA synthesis and processing: RNA polymerases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Molecular composition of prokaryote RNA polymerase. Mechanism of transcription. Role of various compounds on RNA polymerases. Inhibitors of RNA synthesis. Biosynthesis of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic m RNA, r RNA, and t RNA. Processing of RNA- post transcriptional modifications, capping, adenylation and splicing. Role of the hn RNA, sn RNA and sn RNPin processing of RNA.
Unit III
Genetic code: General features of the code, Deciphering of the genetic code – Nirenberg and Khorana’s work. Central dogma in the molecular biology and its verification. Colinerarity of gene and protein. Wobble hypothesis and deviation from wobble hypothesis. Mitochondrial genetic code and evolution of genetic code.
Unit IV
Ribosomology: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic molecular components of ribosomes. Assembly and dissociation of subunits. Polysomes and organelles ribosomes.
Biosynthesis of proteins: Different stages and components of protein synthesis, ribosomes, m RNA and t RNA. Amino acid activation, protein chain initiation, elongation, and termination. Mechanism of protein synthesis in relation to gene action.
Some aspects of eukaryotic translation. Inhibitors of prokaryotic translation. Post – translational modification of proteins. Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins – signal sequence hypothesis. Mechanism of translation control.
Recommended Books:
1. Molecular Biology of the gene by Watson
2. Genetics by G Zubay
3. Molecular Biology of the Cell by Albert Bruce
4. Cell molecular Biology by Baltimore
5. Molecular Biology by D Friefelder
6. Molecular Genetics by D Friefelder
7. Cell and Molecular Biology 2nd Edit. (2002) By P.K.Gupta, Rastogi Publ.
M.Sc., BCH - 303/304b:MIROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY (Internal Elective II)
Unit I
Microorganisms and their place in the living World; Historical developments of microbiology (Spontaneous generation, Germ theory of disease and Koch’s postulates). Nomenclature and broad classification of bacteria as per Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology; General characteristics of Actinomycetes, Rickettsiae, Mycoplasms, Spirochetes. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Ultra structure of bacterium. Bacterial cell wall, capsule, cyst, external appendages, cytoplasmic inclusions, nuclear material, ribosomes, and endospore.
Unit II
Nutritional requirements in microorganisms: Modes of nutrition – phototrophy, chemotrophy, methylotrophy, organotrophy, mixotrophy, saprophytic, symbiotic and parastitic modes of nutrition. Isolation of microorganisms – Direct and indirect; Methods of maintenance of culture. Growth and kinetics of bacterial cells; Normal and biphasic growth curve, batch and continuous cultures, chemostats.
Unit III
Control of microorganisms: Fundamentals of control, control by physical and chemical agents. Antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents. Microbiology of Food, Water, Sewage and Biogas. Water and Sewage treatment. Food and water-borne infections, Bacteriological and Viral standards of water. Estimation of BOD and COD and their importance. Ames Test.
Unit IV
Introduction to Virology: Classification, Morphology, size, ultra structure and life cycle of some representative viruses (TMV, T4, SV40 and M13). Methods of culturing of viruses, Isolation, purification and characterization.
Recommended Books:
1. Microbiology by Pelczar, Chan and Krieg 5th edn. 1995 Mc Grew- Hill.
2. General Microbiology: Boyd, R.F., Times Mirror/ Mosby college, 1984.
3. Review of Medical Microbiology: Jawetz et al., 16th edn. Maruzen Asian, 1984.
4. A Textbook of Microbiology, R.C.Dubey and D.K.Maheswari, S.Chand Co (2001).
5. Pharmaceutical Microbiology, By Hugo and Russell, Blackwell Scientific (1987).
6. An Introduction to Viruses by S.B.Biswas, Vikas Publishing house.
7. Microbial World (5th Edn, 1987) RY. Stanier, Hamshire-Macmillan Press.
8. Microbiology 4th edition, Prescott, Harley, Klein (Mc grew Hill)
9. Principles of Microorganisms – Brocks.
10.Diseases of Crop Plants – G.Rangaswamy.
11. Plant pathology – J.C.Walker.
12. Fundamentals of Microbiology – M. Frebisher.
13. Text book of Microbiology – William Burrows.
14. Biology of Microorganisms – Sandes T. Lyles
15. Instant notes in Microbiology- Nicklin et al (2001)
16. Microbial Ecology – Atlas (2001).
17. Biotechnology: Textbook of Industrial microbiology 2nd Edit. By Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger (2000).
BCH : 303/304c MICROBIAL METABOLISM (Internal elective III)
Unit I
Introduction to Microorganisms: Classification, General characteristics, cultivation of microorganisms. Maintenance of microbial cultures. Identification of microbes staining methods bacterial cell cultures bacterial cell wall structure
Unit II
Bacterial cell wall, cell membrane and energy metabolism membrane transport structure of plasma membrane respiration of photosynthesis energetic coupling thermodynamic electron carriers ATP production.
Unit III
Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids and nucleic acids
Unit IV
Regulation of metabolic pathways feedback inhibition, induction repression control of enzymes Secondary metabolite production .
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Microbiology and applications
2. Mac Cam Kandel 1996.
3. Microbiology dynamics and diversity, Perry J J and Stalein J T. 1997.
4. Microbiology Pelczar..
5. Microbiology Ananthanarayanan and Phanikar.
PRACTICALS
M.Sc., BCH - 305P:IMMUNOLOGY AND HAEMATOLOGY
1. RBC count.
2. Total WBC count.
3. WBC Differential count.
4. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).
5. Packed Cell Volume (PCV).
6. Estimation of Haemoglobin (Hb).
7. Mean Cell Haemoglobin and Mean Cell RBC volume.
8. Colour Index and Volume Index of RBC.
9. Osmotic fragility of RBC.
10. Raising of antibodies to soluble antigen in rabbits.
11. Immunodiffusion.
12. Single Radial Immunodiffusion.
13. Rocket immunoelectrophoroesis.
14. Cross over Immunoelectrophoresis.
15. Graber and Williams Immunoelectrophoresis.
16. Detection of HCG by latex agglutination inhibition test.
17. Haemeagglutination tests for identification of human blood groups.
18. Detection by viral fever by slide agglutination tests.
Recommended Books:
1. Hawk’s Physiological chemistry.
2. Practical Biochemistry by T Plummer.
3. Practical Biochemistry by J Jayaraman.
4. Klemir and others: practical Biological chemistry.
5. Practical Biochemistry – Koch and Hank Dunn and Drell.
6. Practical Biochemistry-Sawhney (2000)
7. Varley’s Practical clinical Biochemistry – Ed. Alan W. Gowenlock (Heinemann
Medical Books, London, 1988).
BCH : 306P MICROBIOLOGY
1. Handling of Microscopes: Calibration of Microscopes.
2. Sterilization techniques: Autoclaving (Moistened-heat sterilization), Oven sterilization (dry-heat sterilization), Filtration, UV irradiation and Chemical.
3. Preparation of media: For Bacteria and Fungi.
4. Isolation and cultivation of pure cultures: Serial dilution, Pour plate method, Spread plate method and streak plate method.
5. Methods for the estimation of Growth (Growth rate and generation time in bacteria).
6. Staining techniques for bacteria and yeast: Gram Staining, Acid fast staining and Spore staining for bacteria and Methylene blue staining for Yeast.
7. Antibiotic sensitivity test.
8. Oligodynamic action of metals on bacteria.
9. Starch hydrolysis assay for the identification amylase-producing microorganisms.
10. Fermentation: preparation of wine from Grapes, and production of alcohol from molasses.
11. Estimation of alcohol by specific gravity method.
12. Cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sps) using the paddy straw.
14. Induction of mutation in bacteria using physical and chemical mutagens.
15. Isolation of nucleic acids from bacteria.
17. Observation of Rizobium from root nodules of groundnut plant.
18. Isolation of phages from sewage and quantification by plaque assay.
Recommended Books:
1. Microbiology laboratory Manual 4th Edit. By Cappuccino
2. Microbiology laboratory Manual (2001) by Aneja, K.M
3. Laboratory Manual in Microbiology by P.Gunasekaran (1996), New Age Publ.
Semester IV
M.Sc., BCH - 401: GENETIC ENGINEERING
Unit I
Cloning and amplification of DNA: Introduction, choice of the organism, use of restriction endonucleases for the production of DNA fragments. Vehicles for cloning - plasmids, phage vectors and cosmids. RNA isolation, preparation and use of cDNAs. Screening and determination of nucleotide sequences. Application of recombinant DNA technology. Oncogenes and their mode of action.
Unit II
Isolation, sequencing and synthesis of genes: Isolation of genes, sequencing of genes, synthesis of genes, Cloning of specific eukaryotic genes and their expression in bacteria.
Operon model: Isolation and chemical nature of repressor. Catabolite repression and role of cAMP and cAMP receptor protein (CRP) in the expression of glucose – sensitive operons. Lac operon, His operon, Trp operon of E.Coli. Stringent and relaxed control.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Transcriptional control, enzyme induction and repression. Constitutive synthesis of enzymes. Genes involved in regulation, regulatory gene, promoter gene, operator gene and structural genes.
Unit III
Gene transfer methods and transgenic organisms: Gene transfer methods for animals and plants, Agro bacterium mediated gene transfer, electroporation and particle gun. Trasgenic animals, and transgenic plants
Restriction maps and molecular genetic maps: Restriction mapping, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) Linkage and recombination between molecular and phenotypic markers, Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) using PCR, Chromosome walking.
Unit IV
M.Sc. BCH - 402:. 5TECHNICAL WRITING, BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS (core)
Unit I
Technical Writing:
Sentence writing, paragraph writing, story writing, review writing, various types of letters writing, critical comments writing. Project Proposal Preparation:Preparation of informal proposal, modified proposal and formal proposal (Submission of formal proposal includes letter writing to agency and authorities). Experimental design and Collection of results, submission of progress report (year wise) and submission of technical report (Format: Title page, Introduction, Aims of the proposal/research, methodology, results, interpretation of results, references, acknowledgments, budgetary preparation). Methods used for the preparation and submission of Final technical Report. Intellectual property rights and filing of papers to get copy right on novel results.
Unit II
Bio-Statistics:
Nature of scientific methods. Significance of statistical methods in biological investigations.
Sampling techniques :
(a) Measures of central tendency (b) Measures of Dispersion or spread
(c) Probability (d) Probability distribution (e) Test of hypothesis (i) X 2 Test (ii) t-test
(f) Simple liner regression (g) Correlation of measurements.
UNIT III
Introduction - Origin of bioinformatics biological data (genome projects), computer and information technology contributions. Disciplines of bioinformatics . Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, functional genomics, structural genomics, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics, structure prediction and drug design.
Genome projects - General introduction to genome projects (rice genome project and Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome project). Special emphasis on Human Genome Project (HGP) . Science behind HGP, benefits of HGP, ELSI of HGP in use of genetic information, genetic testing standard, quality and commercialization.
Biological database - Introduction of database (DB), need, organization, search of DB. An over view of biological databases - NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ, SWISS-PROT, PDB, KEGG. Database querying with NCBI using key words, sequences (proteins and genes), finding similarities, identifying genes and proteins from different organisms.
Sequence alignment - Introduction, significance of sequence alignments and use of dot matices. Pairwise and multiple sequene alignment (MSA) using Clustal programs. Sequence analysis - concepts of sequence analysis and their importance. BLAST . blastn, blastp, blastx, tblastx, output analysis matrix BLOSSUM, PAM, e-value.
Proteomics - Introduction, principle, technique, 2-D database. Gel analysis software, post gel analysis, MALDI-TOF. Significance and applications of proteomics in modern biology. Basics on computers and their applications.
Unit IV
Phylogenetic analysis: Introduction to Phylogenetic tree building methods (Neighbor Joining and UPGMA methods). Differences between Parsimony and Maximum likelihood approaches. Consensus trees and Bootstrap support.
Functional Genomics: Introduction to Microarray Technologies, Gene chips, Time course
experiments, Types of Microarrays and their applications.
Proteomics: Introduction to Proteomics technology and Protein chips. Applications of
proteomics.
Transcriptomics: Introduction to miRNA, siRNA, RNAi, Antisense RNA and their prediction methods. RNA interference technology, EST sequencing, EST databases.
Structural Genomics: Goals and Applications of Structural genomics initiatives.
Comparative Genomics and Phylogenomics: Introduction to Comparative Genomics and
resources for Comparative genomics and phylogenomics.
Pharmacogenomics: Introduction to Drug Discovery and Pharmacogenomics
Recommended Books:
1. Statistical methods. S.P. Gupta
2. Fundamentals of mathematical statistics. S.C Gupta & Kapoor
3. Statistical methods in biological and Health Science. J. S. Milton & J.O. Tsokan.
4. Primrose SB. Principles of Genome Analysis: a guide to mapping
and sequencing DNA from different organisms. 2nd Ed. 1998.
Blackwell Science: Oxford. ISBN 0-632-04983-9.
5. Genome Mapping: A practical approach. Dear P (Editor). 1st Ed.
2000. Oxford University Press: Oxford, New York.
6. Developing Bioinformatics Skills. Alfonso Valencia and Blaschke. L (2005)
Oreille.s Publication.
7. Bioinformatics sequence, structure and data banks ed. By Des Higgins Willie
Taylor.(2006)
8. "Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins" (Andreas D.
Baxevanis, B. F. Ouellette), Paperback, 2nd ed., 470 pp., ISBN: 0471383910, Publisher:
Wiley, John & Sons, Inc., Pub.
9. David W. Mount, Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis, 2nd edition, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2004, ISBN 0-87969-687-7.
M.Sc.,BCH – 403/404a : CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND DISEASES (I.E IV)
Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry: Introduction and maintenance of clinical biochemistry laboratory; hazards in clinical biochemistry laboratory; units; ‘normal range’, reference values. Factors affecting reference values quality control in laboratory – use of external and internal standards; use of WHO standards. Selection of analytical methods. Automation in clinical laboratory. Collection and preservation of specimens.
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Importance of extra cellular glucose; blood glucose homeostasis – role of tissues and hormones; hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Diabetes mellitus – classification, etiology, clinical and laboratory features. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus – glucose tolerance test, random fasting and post- prondial glucose levels, glycosuria, ketone bodies, glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma insulin. Metabolic complications – diabetic hyperglycemic coma and nonketotic coma; lactic acidosis; atherosclerosis, neuropathy.
Hypolycemia – fasting and provoked; diagnosis – stimulation tests (I.V. glucagon and leucine test); extended G.T.T; hypoglycemia in children – neonatal and early infancy.
Investigation of glycogen storage diseases, galactosemia, hereditary fructosuria, lactose intolerance.
Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism – Phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, Hartnup’s maple-syrup urine disease, Plasma proteins in health and changes in diseases; paraproteinaemias; proteinuria.
Lipid metabolism: Plasma lipids and lipoproteins and their functions. Hyperlipo-prolteincmias; classification – primary and secondary. Investigation of lipoproteinaemias and lipidemias.
Renal function: Glomerular and tubular functions. Tests for evaluation – concentration, dilution, excretion, clearance tests, nephrotic syndrome.
Disorders of Gastrointestinal Tract: Gastric function. Stimulation of gastric secretion. Composition of gastric secretion. Test for gastric function – fractional test meal. Pentagastrin test, insulin stimulation tests; hyperchlorohydria, achlorohydria, achylia gastrica.
Pancreatic exocrine secretion – composition. Duodenal contents – collection, examination following stimulation of pancreas; analysis; malabsorption syndrome due to intestinal disease and pancreatic dysfunction, differential diagnosis. Disaccharides deficiency.
Biochemical aspects of Liver disease: Bile acid metabolism and bile formation. Bilirubin metabolism – biosynthesis, transport, hepatic uptake and transport, conjugation and excretion, enterohepatic circulation.
Liver function tests related to protein, carbohydrate, lipid, pigment metabolism, detoxification and excretion. Serum enzymes in liver disease. Jaundice – classification and differential diagnosis. Kermicterus.
Hydrogen ion homeostasis: Blood buffers, bicarbonate-buffering system. Role of Kidney. Red cells, lungs, acidosis and alkalosis.
Recommended Books:
1. Essentials of Food and Nutrition, Vol. I & II, M.S. Swaminathan.
2. Text Book of Biochemistry with clinical correlations. Thomas M. Devlin (John Wily).
3. Harper’s Review of Biochemistry, Murray et al (Longman).
4. Biochemical aspects of human disease – R.S. Elkeles and A.S. Tavil. (Blackwell
Scientific Publications, 1993).
5. Clinical chemistry in diagnosis and treatment – Joan F.Zilva and P.R.Pannall (Lloyd-
Luke Medical Books, London, 1988).
6. Varley’s Practical clinical Biochemistry – Ed. Alan W. Gowenlock (Heinemann
Medical Books, London, 1988).
7. Clinical diagnosis and management by Laboratory methods (John Bernard Henry,
W.B. Salunders Company, 1984).
8. Clinical Biochemistry – S.Ramakrishnan and Rajiswami.
9. Chemical Biochemistry (Metabolic and clinical aspects) by W.J.Marshall &
S.K.Bangert.
10. Text book of clinical Biochemistry by Tietz et al.
M.Sc.,BCH – 403/404 b: Industrial Biochemistry (IE V)
Unit I
Bioprocess and fermentation Technology: Isolation preservation and maintenance of industrial microorganisms, batch, continuous culture techniques, principle types of fermentors, Industrial production of chemicals- Industrial alcohol, acids (citric and acetic), solvents (acetone and butanol), antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline), Vitamins (Riboflavin and Vitamin B12), amino acids (lysine and glutamic acid) and Single Cell Protein (SCP).
Unit II
Protein Engineering : Immobilization of enzymes, their industrial and clinical applications (Production of glucose from starch, Use of glucose isomerase in confectionary industry, Use of lactase in Dairy Industry, Production of invert sugar from sucrose, Use of protease in food, detergent and leather Industries, Medical application of enzymes), Biosensors (Use of glucose oxidase in enzyme electrodes).
Unit III
Immunodiagnostics and preparation of tools: Hybridoma technique, monoclonal antibodies production, myeloma cell lines, fusion of myeloma cells, selection of hybridomas, protoplast fusion and HAT medium. Screening, purification and application (biochemical research, clinical diagnosis nd treatment) of monoclonal antibodies. Subunit vaccines-against Herpes Simplex virus, :
Foot and Mouth disease, Live recombinant vaccines-attenuated (Cholera, Salmonella), Vector vaccines directed against viruses and bacteria. Bioremediation
Unit IV
Agricultural Industry: Micro propagation, Somatic cell culture, Somaclonal variations, Somatic cell hybridization, Protoplast fusion, genetic transformation, methods of gene transfer (vector and vector less methods), production of transgenic plants, animals and their applications. Plant tissue culture clonal propagation and transgenic plants as bioreactors. Patenting, general agreement on Trade and Tariff{GATT} and intellectual property rights.
Recommended Books:
1. Harper’s Review of Biochemistry.
2. Leninger’s principles of Biochemistry
3. Biochemistry – Lubert Stryer.
4. Fermentation Technology (2nd ed.) Standury (Pergman press)
5. Biotechnology: Textbook of Industrial microbiology 2nd Edit. By Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger (2000).
6. Molecular biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombination DNA.
(1996) Bernard R. Glick and Jack. J. Pasternak (Panima Publishing Corporation)
7. Principles of Gene manipulation: An Introduction to genetic Engineering (5th)
R.V.Old and S.B.Primrose (Blackwell Scientific Publications).
8. Principles of Biotechnology (1985) Alen Weisman (Surrey University Press).
9. Concepts in Biotechnology (1996) Ed., D.Balasubramaian, K.Dharmalingam, J.Green
and K.Jayaraman (University Press).
10. Industrial Microbiology, Miller and Litsky, Mc Graw- Hill, 1976.
11. Industrial Microbiology, L.E.Casida, JR. New Age International (1995).
12. Industrial Microbiology (Prescott & Dunn), Ed by G.Reed, CBS Publishers.
13. Immobilized enzymes (1978) by Ichiro Chibata, Halsted Press Book.
BCH : 403/404c Project Work:
20 marks viva and 80 marks for thesis: Total to pass 50 marks
Distribution of marks for project work (80):
Introduction: 10 Marks; Aims : 10 marks; Materials and methods: 15 Marks; Results:20 marks; Discussion 15 marks Literature: 5 marks and summary and conclusions: 5marks
PRACTICALS
M.Sc., BCH - 405P: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Estimation of blood glucose.
2. Estimation of blood urea.
3. Determination of creatinine clearance.
4. Estimation of creatine in serum.
5. Estimation of uric acid in serum.
6. Estimation of serum total protein.
7. Estimation of Serum albumin.
8. Agar gel electrophoresis of serum proteins.
9. Agar gel electrophoresis of serum lipoproteins.
10. Estimation of Serum cholesterol.
11. Determination of SGOT.
12. Determination of SGPT.
13. Estimation of serum calcium.
14. Estimation of serum phosphate.
15. Gastric analysis.
16. Estimation of serum bilirubin.
17. Determination of thymol turbidity.
18. Determination of zinc turbidity.
19. Determination of urine ascorbic acid.
20. Tests for abnormal constituents in urine.
21. Use of diagnostic kits.
M.Sc., BCH - 406P:FOOD ANALYSIS
1. Determination of reduced Ascorbic acid by DCPIP method.
2. Determination of total Ascorbic acid by DNPH method.
3. Determination of Thiamine by colorimetry / Fluorimetry.
4. Determination of Riboflavin by Fluorimetry.
5. Determination of Niacin by Cyanogen bromide method.
6. Determination of available lysine in food.
7. Estimation of copper in food.
8. Determination of calcium in food.
9. Estimation of iron in food.
10. Isolation of casein from milk and determination of its protein by any method.
11. Determination of cholesterol of edible oil.
12. Determination of ash content.
13. Determination of moisture content of foods/food grains/ powders.
14. Determination of fructose from honey/fruit pulp.
15. Isolation of lactose from skimmed milk and the estimation of lactose.
16. Determination of pyridoxine of fruits / leaves.
17. Determination of free amino acids of germinating seedlings.
18. Determination of Iodine value of edible oil by Titrimetry.
19. Determination of Acid value by Titrimetry.
20. Estimation of Magnesium in food.
Recommended Books for 405P and 406P:
1. Hawk’s Physiological chemistry.
2. Practical Biochemistry by T Plummer.
3. Practical Biochemistry by J Jayaraman.
4. Klemir and others: practical Biological chemistry.
5. Practical Biochemistry – Koch and Hank Dunn and Drell.
6. Practical Biochemistry-Sawhney (2000)
7. Varley’s Practical clinical Biochemistry – Ed. Alan W. Gowenlock (Heinemann Medical Books, London, 1988
M.Sc. BCH 407: APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY (Self Study Course): To be selected by student individually as per the guidance of faculty.
Plant Biochemistry…
Unit I: Cell and its structure, Organelles of plant cells, isolation of chloroplasts, structure of chloroplast and organization of thylakoid membranes. Methods of analysis of plant pigments. Uses of plant pigments in industry.
Unit 2: Photosynthesis types and its elucidation, cyclic and non cyclic photochemical reactions, Photosystem I and II, Carbon fixation and photorespiration in plants.
Unit 3. Plant growth and development, plant hormones, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinines, ethylene, abscissic acid and Jasmonates: Their synthesis and Physiological roles.
Unit 4. Plant tissue culture, micropropagation, somatic cel cultures, isolation of protoplasts, somatic cell cultures, protoplasts fusion studies, cell hybridization and production of transgenic plants. Uses of transgenic organisms.
M.Sc. BCH – 408 : GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY (External Elective I)
Unit - I
Amino acids & Proteins: Classification of amino acids, acid-base properties of amino
acids, chemical reactions of amino acids, non-protein amino acids, Peptide bond –Structure and conformation. Naturally occurring peptides.Classification of proteins – purification and isolation of proteins, criteria of purity of proteins, physico-chemical properties, structural organization of proteins, Elucidation of primary structure, secondary structure, , Tertiary structure Quaternary structure, Denaturation & renaturation of proteins
Unit II
.
Carbohydrates: Definition and classification of carbohydrates, nomenclature, Reaction of Monosaccharides, Acid derivatives of Monosaccharides amino-sugars, Oligo saccharides, structure, properties and importance of Homo & Hetero polysaccharides
Lipids: Classification, Physical and chemical properties of fatty acids. Characterization of natural fats & oils, structure and biological role of triaceyl glycerol, phospolipids, sphingolipids, Gangliolipids, Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes and steroids.
Unit III
Nucleic acids structure of nucleic acids – primary – purine and pyramidine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides; secondary & Tertiary structure of DNA; structure of RNA – Secondary and Tertiary structure; Nucleic acid sequencing –Higher orders of DNA & RNA Structure, chromatin structure; Gene analysis – southern blot technique and its variance.
Unit IV
Structure of porphyrins; Protoporphyrin, porphobilinogen properties Identification of
Porphyrins, Structure of metalloporphyrins – Heme, cytochromes and chlorophylls.
Recommended Books:
1. Glycoproteins by Hughes R.C., Chapman & Holl, 1983.
2. Biochemistry – Mechanisms of metabolism Cunningham, E.B., Mc Grew – Hill, 1978.
3. Nucleic acid – Chargaff & Davidson Vol. II.
4. The biochemistry of Nucleic acids; Adams et al., Chapman and Hall, 1986.
5. Proteins: A guide to study by physical & chemical methods, Haschemeyer and
Haschemeyer, Wiley, New York, 1973.
6. Proteins: Structure, function and evolution. Dickerson & Geis, 2nd Edn,
Benjamin / Cummings, Menlo Park, California 1983.
7. The proteins: Neurath and Hill, 3rd Edn. Academic New York, 1977.
8. Biochemistry - Zubay C, Addison – Wesley, 1986.
9. Biochemistry, A problem Approach, 2nd Edn. Wood, W.B. Addison Wesley 1981.
10. Biochemistry of Lipids and Membranes - Vance D, Addison-Wesley, 1985.
11. Biochemistry, Lehninger A.H.
12. Textbook of Biochemistry West, E.S., Todd, Mason & Vanbruggen,
Macmillian&Co.
13. Principles of Biochemistry White-A, Handler, Pand Smith E.L. Mc Grew Hill.
14. The carbohydrates: Pigman & Hartman Vol. II-A & II-B.
15. Comprehensive biochemistry-Florkin & stotz, Academic press.
16. Organic chemistry, I.L. Finar, ELBS. (1985).
17. Organic chemistry by J.P. Cohen. Vol. 3 Edward ‘Arnold.
18. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry by Roberts & Cashino (Benjamin).
19. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by Donald Voet (1999).
20. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd (2000) Prentice Hall.
